De-risking Cell and Gene Therapy Development: Global Regulatory Strategies for Streamlined Development
Dr. Peter Marks, Director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), recently shared insights at the 2025 JP Morgan Healthcare Conference, outlining the FDA’s ongoing efforts to accelerate advances in cell and gene therapy (CGT). With significant breakthroughs in 2024—including approvals for tissue-engineered products, mesenchymal stem cell therapies, and solid tumor-targeting T-cells—the CGT sector continues to make significant progress. However, despite these advances, challenges in regulatory harmonization, market access, and cost-effectiveness persist, requiring strategic policy measures and industry collaboration to de-risk CGT development in the US and beyond.
The Current CGT Landscape in the US
The US remains a leader in CGT innovation, with the FDA approving 24 cell and gene therapies to date, and is predicted to review or receive applications for a record 15 new therapies in 2025.
Figure 1. Showing FDA-approved and pipeline cell and gene therapies.
Recognising the need for new approaches to regulating these innovative therapies, Dr. Peter Marks discussed several new initiatives underway at the FDA. Key initiatives include:
Risk-based regulatory frameworks: The FDA is exploring a new approach to human cells, tissues, and cellular-based products (HCTPs), addressing over- and under-regulation issues with a planned scientific workshop in February 2025.
Platform technologies like CRISPR: Marks emphasized the need for a regulatory shift, treating CRISPR as a platform tool rather than a product, which could streamline development and approval processes, potentially under the draft platform technology guidance.
Rare disease initiatives: Programs such as the Rare Disease Hub and collaborative efforts with the EMA are expected to accelerate treatment pathways for underserved conditions.
While these regulatory-focused initiatives are promising, ongoing efforts should also focus on reducing manufacturing bottlenecks, ensuring sustained funding for innovation, and fostering public-private partnerships to sustain momentum in the sector.
The UK Approach: A Strategic Roadmap for Growth
The UK’s CGT ecosystem is supported by institutions such as the Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult and the Advanced Therapy Treatment Centres (ATTC), which focus on scaling up manufacturing and integrating therapies into the National Health Service (NHS). Recent milestones include:
NHS adoption of CRISPR-based therapies: The approval of Casgevy for transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia demonstrates the UK’s leadership in pioneering CGT adoption within public healthcare.
Regulatory flexibility: The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is actively harmonizing with global frameworks to enable smoother market entry.
By aligning with the UK’s emphasis on infrastructure and workforce development, other markets can strengthen their own pathways to commercialization.
Germany’s National Strategy: Balancing Innovation with Compliance
Germany is positioning itself as a European leader in CGT with the introduction of a National Strategy for Gene and Cell Therapies, launched in June 2024. This strategy focuses on:
Regulatory streamlining: Efforts to simplify legal pathways and align with the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
Investment in infrastructure: Enhancements to Germany’s biomanufacturing capabilities to ensure scalable production of CGT products.
Industry collaboration: Strong ties between government bodies and industry stakeholders to foster a competitive environment.
Other countries can learn from Germany’s comprehensive approach by expanding infrastructure investment and creating strategic alliances to enhance manufacturing scalability.
Japan’s Regulatory Flexibility: A Model for Rapid Market Access
Japan’s regulatory framework for regenerative medicine, governed by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), may represent one of the most progressive models globally. With a conditional and time-limited approval pathway, Japan has enabled rapid commercialization of therapies such as CAR-T cell treatments. Key elements of Japan's success include:
Accelerated approval pathways: Conditional approvals based on preliminary efficacy data, allowing early patient access.
Post-market surveillance: Rigorous follow-up requirements ensure long-term safety and efficacy.
Public-private collaboration: Strategic partnerships between government, academia, and industry have accelerated innovation.
To remain competitive, regulatory bodies in other regions could consider adopting Japan’s adaptive regulatory approach for certain high-priority therapies, thereby accelerating patient access without compromising safety.
Opportunities for Global Regulatory Synergy
Despite regional differences, there are clear opportunities to align regulatory processes across key markets:
Harmonized Regulatory Frameworks: The FDA, EMA, MHRA, and PMDA could collaborate on common standards for CGT approvals, reducing redundancies and facilitating global market entry.
Data-Sharing Initiatives: Establishing global databases, leveraging federated learning models to share real-world evidence can enhance regulatory decision-making and improve patient safety outcomes.
Streamlined Manufacturing Guidelines: Aligning quality and manufacturing standards globally can reduce costs and accelerate production scalability.
Stakeholders across the CGT ecosystem should work toward strengthening partnerships with international regulatory bodies to create a more unified approach to CGT approvals and commercialization.
A Call for Strategic Action
As CGT continues to revolutionize medicine, proactive steps are needed to de-risk development by:
Modernizing regulatory frameworks to accommodate platform technologies.
Increasing funding for infrastructure and workforce development.
Strengthening international regulatory cooperation to facilitate global market access.
Addressing cost barriers to ensure broad patient access.
By drawing from strategies across the US, the UK, Germany, and Japan, the global CGT sector can create a more resilient and competitive landscape, ensuring that transformative therapies reach patients faster and more efficiently.
Want to stay ahead in cell and gene therapy development? Explore Lonrú’s strategic solutions.
From Semiconductors to Genes: Engineering Precision in Advanced Therapies
Exploring insights from ARM's JPM 2025 panel discussion and the evolving quest for molecular-level understanding in cell and gene therapy.
Background
At this year’s JPMorgan Healthcare Conference, the ARM panel discussion on "Capital Markets and Commercial Insights: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges in CGTs" brought an unexpected but interesting comparison to light. Keith Crandall of Arch Ventures, drawing from his semiconductor and photonics background, made a compelling case for how the biotech industry—specifically cell and gene therapy (CGT)—can learn from the rigor and precision that revolutionized semiconductor manufacturing.
Crandall noted that in semiconductor production, every molecule is quality-checked, and processes are controlled down to the quantum level. In contrast, CGT manufacturing still grapples with variability and a limited characterization of biological components at a molecular level. According to Crandall, the key to unlocking CGT’s full potential lies in adopting semiconductor-level precision and embedding quality control (QC) from the outset—not as an afterthought.
The Semiconductor Blueprint: A Roadmap for CGT
The semiconductor industry underwent significant transformation from its early, experimental days to become one of the most exacting fields in modern manufacturing. The drivers of this shift included:
Standardisation and Process Control: Introduction of Statistical Process Control (SPC), Six Sigma, and rigorous certification processes (Anonyuo et al., 2024).
Deep Foundational Understanding: Mastery over materials and physics that enabled predictable, repeatable outcomes.
Leadership Evolution: Semiconductor firms appointed leaders with strong manufacturing backgrounds, shifting from leaders with academic experience.
Collaborative Ecosystems: Industry-wide knowledge-sharing through consortia like SEMATECH helped accelerate improvements across the board (Irwin & Klenow, 1996).
Precision at the Molecular Level: Lessons from Semiconductors for the Future of Cell and Gene Therapy
CGT: A Field in Search of Precision
Despite the substantial advancements in CGT, significant hurdles remain, particularly in manufacturing scalability and consistency. The inherent complexity of biological systems introduces unpredictable variances—an issue that semiconductor methodologies could help address.
Key Areas for CGT Innovation Inspired by Semiconductors
Molecular-Level Understanding
Advances in single-cell analysis and multi-omics technologies are helping bridge the knowledge gap in CGT. Spain, for example, has a network of research groups conducting single-cell RNA sequencing pre- and post-CAR-T cell therapy to better understand therapeutic persistence and variability (Rodriguez-Madoz et al., 2023). Similar efforts are emerging globally, including:MIT’s Center for Biomedical Innovation (USA): Exploring process control and predictive analytics in cell therapy manufacturing.
Fraunhofer Institute (Germany): Investigating automation and in-line analytics for bio-manufacturing.
Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult (UK): Driving standardisation and scalable process development across the industry.
Standardised QC Protocols
The standardisation of QC protocols in ATMP manufacturing is evolving through the adoption of real-time process controls, automation, and the promise of harmonised regulatory frameworks from bodies like the FDA, EMA, and PMDA.Automation and Closed Systems
Leveraging automation and robotics to minimise human intervention in CGT manufacturing aligns closely with semiconductor principles. Companies such as Ori Biotech and Autolomous are pioneering efforts in digital manufacturing platforms tailored for advanced therapies.Leadership Evolution
As CGT companies advance, there is a growing recognition of the need for leadership with expertise in industrial-scale manufacturing. Bridging the gap between clinical and operational expertise could unlock significant efficiencies and scalability.
The Future Outlook: Unlocking Precision in CGT Manufacturing
Crandall’s perspective underscores that precision in biological manufacturing will do more than just improve yields and consistency—it could fundamentally change how we approach cell engineering and advanced therapeutic manufacturing. By minimising variability and embedding precision from the outset, CGT manufacturers could realise therapies that are safer, more predictable, and ultimately more accessible to patients worldwide.
Conclusion
The intersection of semiconductor precision and CGT innovation presents an exciting frontier. While biology’s inherent complexity presents challenges, adopting rigorous QC frameworks and fostering cross-industry collaboration can accelerate CGT’s trajectory from bespoke treatments to widely available, cost-effective therapies.
Lonrú Consulting continues to explore and support these transformational shifts—illuminating the opportunities for CGT companies looking to navigate complexity with precision and clarity.
References
Anonyuo, S., Kwakye, J., & Ozowe, W. (2024, November 22). A review of quality control and process optimization in high-volume semiconductor manufacturing. World Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. https://zealjournals.com/wjetr/content/review-quality-control-and-process-optimization-high-volume-semiconductor-manufacturing
Irwin, D., & Klenow, P. (1996, November 12). Sematech: Purpose and Performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.93.23.12739
Rodriguez-Madoz, J. R., Prosper, F., & et al. (2023, November 2). Sequential Scmultiomics of In Vivo CAR-T Cells Allows Characterization of Transcriptional Differences between Patients, and Identifies IL10 As a Potential Mechanism of Resistance to CAR-T Cells in MM. Blood, 142(Supplement 1), 3433. https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/142/Supplement%201/3433/499052/Sequential-Scmultiomics-of-In-Vivo-CAR-T-Cells
Illuminating the Future of Cell and Gene Therapies
Key Insights and Lonrú’s Role in Driving Ecosystem Collaboration
Bridging the Gaps in the Evolving CGT Landscape
The cell and gene therapy (CGT) industry is experiencing transformative growth, but with this progress comes a host of challenges. Insights shared during ARM’s State of the Industry Capital Markets and Commercial Insights panel revealed that success in CGT hinges on addressing key obstacles such as regulatory complexity, stakeholder engagement, and ecosystem collaboration. These challenges, if unaddressed, could hinder the sector’s ability to deliver groundbreaking therapies to patients worldwide.
ARM’s State of the Industry Briefing: Panelists discussing capital markets and commercial insights.
Key Themes and Challenges in CGT
Regulatory Complexity Across Regions
The CGT sector operates within highly regulated environments, with frameworks varying between regions like the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Panelists stressed the need for tools that help companies adapt their regulatory strategies to meet jurisdiction-specific requirements efficiently. In an earlier session, the FDA’s Dr. Peter Marks underscored early efforts to align regulatory requirements across geographies, aiming to reduce the burden on sponsors. We’ll explore this topic in detail in an upcoming blog.Ecosystem Collaboration: A Critical Imperative
The panel emphasised that the CGT industry’s growth depends on strong collaboration among biotechs, academic institutions, investors, and regulators. However, many companies struggle to create these connections due to siloed approaches or timing of communication strategy, many leaving it late in the development process.Stakeholder Engagement and Communication
Effective stakeholder engagement remains a top challenge, with companies needing to tailor their messages to resonate with specific audiences—investors, regulators, patients, or clinicians. A one-size-fits-all approach simply does not work in such a diverse ecosystem.Data Integration for Better Decision-Making
Companies face the challenge of integrating data, ranging from clinical trial results to real-world patient outcomes. Transforming this data into actionable insights that drive strategic decisions is crucial but often underdeveloped.Speed-to-Market and Competitive Pressure
The CGT sector needs streamlined operations and fast time-to-market. Key challenges include identifying eligible patients, fostering trust through early communication, establishing accessible treatment centers, and aligning stakeholders. Addressing these challenges is critical for successful product launches.
The panel also surfaced intriguing perspectives that warrant deeper exploration. Keith Crandell of ARCH Venture Partners drew parallels between the CGT industry and the semiconductor sector, suggesting that lessons from semiconductors’ QC’ing and standardisation could shape CGT’s future success. Click here for a blog post diving into this concept.
Lonrú Consulting: Enabling Collaboration and Tailored Engagement
At Lonrú Consulting, we understand that thriving in the CGT sector requires more than cutting-edge therapies—it demands a collaborative, data-driven approach to overcoming industry challenges. Here’s how we help address these key themes:
Driving Ecosystem Collaboration with Tailored Solutions
Lonrú’s AI/ML-powered solutions facilitate collaboration by providing frameworks that align stakeholders, streamline workflows, and foster co-creation. Our interactive dashboards offer a centralized view of shared objectives, enabling seamless partnerships between biotechs, academic institutions, and investors.
Enhancing Stakeholder Engagement
Lonrú specializes in crafting stakeholder-specific messaging, ensuring that communication resonates with diverse audiences. Whether it’s presenting data to regulators, showcasing ROI to investors, or educating clinicians, our solutions enable companies to deliver personalized, impactful narratives.
Turning Data into Actionable Insights
Our advanced data analytics solutions can be deployed to integrate clinical, market, and patient datasets to provide clear, actionable insights. This supports informed decision-making, helping clients navigate regulatory landscapes, anticipate market trends, and optimize therapeutic strategies.
Accelerating Speed-to-Market
By owning resource-intensive tasks such as market development research, product development strategy, and marketing collateral creation, Lonrú reduces bottlenecks in the development process. This allows companies to move faster without sacrificing quality or compliance.
Empowering Precision Communication
With Lonrú’s tailored AI-driven content generation, companies can create high-impact materials—from investor decks to engaging podcasts—quickly, effectively and without compromising on quality. This ensures that stakeholders receive the right message, at the right time, through the right channels.
Lonrú’s Vision: Illuminating Opportunities For Innovation
Lonrú Consulting is poised to empower CGT organisations by simplifying complexity, fostering collaboration, and enhancing communication. By leveraging advanced AI/ML solutions and industry expertise, we help clients build strong ecosystems, engage stakeholders meaningfully, and bring transformative therapies to market faster.
Ready to Illuminate Your Path?
Let Lonrú Consulting help you navigate the intricacies of CGT with tailored, innovative solutions. Contact us today to learn more about how we can accelerate your journey to success.
Charting the Trajectory of Cell and Gene Therapy from 2024 to 2025
What to Expect from the 2025 State of the Industry Briefing
This morning at Lonrú we’re looking back on 2024, and sharing our take on what to expect from today’s discussions at the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine’s (ARM) 2025 State of the Industry briefing.
The past year was marked by significant progress, including advancements in in vivo therapies, global regulatory milestones, and an ongoing push to address affordability and accessibility in cell and gene therapy (CGT). As the industry continues to mature, we anticipate that today’s briefing will highlight key inflection points and lay out the challenges and opportunities for the year ahead.
From in vivo innovations and manufacturing breakthroughs to expanded therapeutic targets and global market shifts, the CGT sector is poised for another transformative year. Here’s our take on what shaped 2024 and what may define the future.
2024: A Year of Momentum and Milestones
Breakthroughs Becoming the Norm
2024 began with optimism following a stormy 2023 in capital markets. Despite economic volatility throughout 2024, the CGT sector achieved major milestones: nine new therapies were approved in the U.S., and two in Europe. The FDA’s approval of two sickle cell gene therapies in late 2023 further underscored the field’s transformative potential. These developments heralded a “new normal” where groundbreaking therapies routinely became available to patients (ARM, 2024).
Advancing Cell Therapy
By February, the industry spotlight shifted toward engineered cell therapies. The approval of tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy for solid tumours represented a watershed moment, while investment in autoimmune applications highlighted the expanding scope of cell therapies beyond oncology (ARM, 2024).
Reframing the Value Narrative
August saw renewed focus on the affordability and accessibility of CGT. Frameworks like “Gene Therapy for Patients and Society” (GPS) and “CAR-T for Patients and Society” (CAR-PS) were developed to demonstrate the long-term value and cost-effectiveness of these therapies. Such efforts aimed to reshape public perception and healthcare decision-making (CMS, 2024).
New Gene Editing Frontiers
December capped the year with approvals for two adoptive cell therapies targeting solid tumours and the introduction of next-generation gene editing techniques like prime and epigenetic editing in clinical trials. These developments opened new possibilities for tackling previously untreatable conditions (ARM, 2024).
In Vivo Growth: A Rising Star
While much of 2024’s focus was on ex vivo therapies, in vivo approaches gained significant traction. These methods, which deliver genetic modifications directly within the patient’s body, promise to enhance precision and scalability. Key developments included:
CRISPR-Based In Vivo Therapies: Clinical trials demonstrated promising results in diseases like Duchenne muscular dystrophy and retinal disorders. These breakthroughs highlight the growing maturity of in vivo technologies (ARM, 2024).
Next-Generation Gene Editing: Techniques such as prime* and epigenetic editing, which offer higher precision and reduced off-target effects, entered early clinical stages (Tune Therapeutics, 2024) (O'Hanlon Cohrt, 2024).
Innovative Delivery Mechanisms: Advances in nanoparticle and viral vector technologies further improved the efficiency and safety of in vivo therapy delivery (ARM, 2024).
Looking ahead, in vivo growth will likely feature prominently in discussions about the next wave of CGT innovations, particularly in areas like systemic genetic disorders and regenerative medicine.
Predictions for 2025
Based on 2024’s trajectory, today’s State of the Industry briefing may shine a light on several critical themes:
1. Regulatory and Manufacturing Innovations
With the FDA’s expanded Office of Therapeutic Products, efforts to harmonise global regulatory frameworks and streamline manufacturing processes will take centre stage.
2. Expanding Therapeutic Horizons
Expect updates on the broadening range of disease targets, including autoimmune conditions and rare disorders, as clinical breakthroughs continue to multiply.
3. Addressing Affordability and Access
ARM’s ongoing advocacy for outcomes-based agreements and cost-efficiency frameworks will remain a focal point as the industry works to balance innovation with equitable patient access.
4. Continued In Vivo Innovation
Advancements in delivery systems and new data from clinical trials of in vivo therapies will likely feature heavily, positioning this approach as a cornerstone of future CGT strategies.
5. Ecosystem Collaboration
Fostering partnerships and collaboration across academia, biopharma, and regulatory bodies will underpin sustainable CGT growth.
Illuminating the Path Forward
2024 demonstrated that the CGT sector is no longer in its infancy. Breakthroughs are expected, and the focus has shifted toward refining processes, improving access, and expanding therapeutic potential. As 2025 unfolds, Lonrú Consulting will continue to illuminate the opportunities for our clients, providing data-driven insights and tailored strategies to help them navigate this complex and dynamic landscape.
*Prime Medicine’s clinical program PM359 is an ex-vivo engineered HSC product (O'Hanlon Cohrt, 2024). Prime editing technology holds promise as an in-vivo engineering platform (Newby & Liu, 2021).
References
ARM. (2024, January 8). Introduction and Industry Update - Cell & Gene State of the Industry Briefing 2024. YouTube. Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uyekVKDo8Y
ARM. (2024, April 30). SECTOR SNAPSHOT ADVANCES IN ENGINEERED CELL THERAPY. ARM - Industry updates. https://alliancerm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Sector-Snapshot-4.30.2024.pdf
ARM. (2024, December 30). Alliance for Regenerative Medicine - December 2024 Sector Snapshot. ARM Industry Updates. https://alliancerm.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/20250107-2024-Sector-Snapshot.pdf
CMS. (2024, March 7). Cell and Gene Therapy (CGT) Access Model. enters for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https://www.cms.gov/priorities/innovation/innovation-models/cgt
Newby, G., & Liu, D. (2021, November 1). In vivo somatic cell base editing and prime editing. Molecular Therapy, 29(11), 3107-3124.
O'Hanlon Cohrt, K. (2024, May 1). The FDA Has Cleared the First Clinical Trial Application for a Prime Editor. CRISPR Medicine News. https://crisprmedicinenews.com/news/the-fda-has-cleared-the-first-clinical-trial-application-for-a-prime-editor/
Tune Therapeutics. (2024, November 14). Tune Therapeutics Moves into Clinical Spotlight with TUNE-401: A First-in-Class Epigenetic Silencer for Hepatitis B. Investors and Media. https://tunetx.com/tune-therapeutics-moves-into-clinical-spotlight-with-tune-401-a-first-in-class-epigenetic-silencer-for-hepatitis-b/
Introducing Lonrú Consulting
Navigating Complexity
Illuminating Innovation
Empowering the Future of Cell and Gene Therapy
The cell and gene therapy (CGT) sector is experiencing unprecedented growth, diversification, and challenges (McKinsey & Co., 2022). At Lonrú Consulting, we’re here to help organisations navigate this complex landscape by providing tailored solutions that empower innovation, optimise efficiency, and drive impactful results.
Our Mission
Lonrú Consulting is dedicated to delivering data-driven insights and actionable strategies that address the unique challenges of the CGT industry. Through collaboration, advanced tools, and domain expertise, we guide clients toward sustainable growth and innovation in a highly competitive market.
Why Now for AI/ML?
The rapid evolution of AI/ML tools over the last 18 months has transformed how organisations address critical challenges across many industries. The wider adoption of AI/ML in the life sciences field has triggered both excitement and caution (Nature, 2023). On one hand, these tools promise to revolutionise processes such as drug discovery, regulatory navigation, and patient engagement (Hutson 2024). On the other hand, perceptions of these tools as “black boxes” with potential accuracy and reliability issues have made some organisations hesitant to fully commit (McKinsey & Co., 2023). Despite these concerns, the tide is shifting as the technology continues to improve and demonstrate measurable impact.
Perceptions in Life Sciences
Early adopters of AI/ML in life sciences report a 30% improvement in engagement and satisfaction scores when using AI/ML powered tools for content personalisation and insight generation. Many life sciences leaders emphasise the importance of clear AI strategies, with companies adopting customised solutions seeing twice the impact compared to those using off-the-shelf models (McKinsey & Co., 2023). However, challenges such as data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and the potential for misinformation (e.g., hallucinations in outputs) continue to shape perceptions (Nature Editorial, 2024).
Building Confidence in AI for CGT
Transparency and customisation are critical to unlocking the full potential of AI in life sciences. Companies with defined AI strategies report twice the impact compared to those without (McKinsey & Co. 2023). At Lonrú, we ensure that every AI-powered solution is tailored to meet our clients’ specific goals, fostering trust and maximizing outcomes.
How Lonrú Can Help
Our AI/ML-driven solutions evolve with client needs, ensuring relevance in the fast-paced CGT landscape. By blending cutting-edge technology with domain expertise, we address industry-specific challenges and enable our clients to:
Analyze Data Effectively: Transform complex datasets into actionable insights.
Optimize Workflows: Eliminate inefficiencies and boost productivity.
Facilitate Collaboration: Connect biotechs, academia, and investors to foster innovation and growth.
In an industry where speed, precision, and trust are paramount, Lonrú equips clients to navigate complexity confidently, seize emerging opportunities, and drive impactful innovation.
Stay updated on our capabilities and projects by connecting with Lonrú Consulting on LinkedIn using the link below.
References
Hutson, M. (2024, March 14th). Cutting to the chase. Health sciences. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-024-00753-x/d41586-024-00753-x.pdf
McKinsey & Co. (2022, November 16th). How AI can accelerate R&D for cell and gene therapies. Life Sciences. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/how-ai-can-accelerate-r-and-d-for-cell-and-gene-therapies
McKinsey & Co. (2023, May 6th). Early adoption of generative AI in commercial life sciences. McKinsey Direct. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/early-adoption-of-generative-AI-in-commercial-life-sciences#/
Nature. (2023, December 6). Science and the new age of AI. Immersive. https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-023-03017-2